-IThe integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in public sector governance is reshaping administrative efficiency and service delivery across nations. Namibia, in particular, is navigating this transformation by strategically deploying AI-driven solutions to enhance policy formulation, decision-making, and operational efficiency within government institutions. This case study explores Namibia’s approach to AI adoption, examining its regulatory frameworks, infrastructural readiness, and socio-economic implications. It also explores the impact of AI on public sector efficiency, accessibility, and innovation, highlighting its role in streamlining administrative processes, enhancing decision-making, and improving citizen engagement. By aligning its AI strategies with regional policies and international best practices, Namibia aims to foster transparent, ethical, and sustainable AI governance. The Namibian government has started integrating AI-driven solutions in areas such as healthcare, taxation, and public safety, promising increased responsiveness and resource optimization. While AI presents opportunities for service optimization, challenges such as data security, algorithmic bias, digital infrastructure, ethical concerns and workforce preparedness remain critical considerations. The study highlights the potential impact of AI on public administration, emphasizing the importance of responsible implementation, stakeholder collaboration, and adaptive policy frameworks in ensuring effective and equitable AI-driven governance.

-The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the effect of product quality on purchase decisions in the TikTok Shop application. The method used is PLS/SEM with 300 respondents distributed via Google form. The object of research in this study is Generation Z (Gen-Z) in Batam City who make purchases through the TikTok Shop application. The results of this study can be used as empirical evidence, for factors that influence purchase decisions on the TikTok Shop application. In the next stage, the results of this study can be used as a basis for developing a more comprehensive search by adding more research variables. The results of this study will provide information about the factors that influence purchase decisions in the TikTok Shop application. Then in the next stage, the results of this study will be the basis for creating a new and more effective marketing strategy in its implementation

-Emerging economies face the dual challenge of fostering socioeconomic development while maintaining fiscal and institutional stability. Financial sustainability defined as the ability to manage resources efficiently, generate consistent revenue, and absorb economic shocks has emerged as a critical pillar in achieving long-term development goals such as poverty reduction, equitable access to services, and inclusive growth. This paper explores the dynamic interplay between financial sustainability and socioeconomic development in emerging economies, evaluating how sound fiscal policies, diversified revenue streams, and responsible debt management contribute to resilience and growth. Drawing on case studies and macroeconomic data, it critically examines policy trade-offs, institutional constraints, and the role of international financial cooperation. The findings underscore that while financial sustainability does not guarantee development, its absence severely undermines progress. The study concludes by advocating for integrated fiscal strategies tailored to local contexts that balance short-term development needs with long-term financial viability.

-Foodborne parasitic infections pose a significant public health concern worldwide, with beef and pork being major contributors to this burden. This systematic review examines the critical role of cooking beef and pork in safeguarding public health from parasitic infections. A comprehensive search of databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, was conducted, yielding 50 relevant articles that highlight the importance of proper cooking and handling practices in preventing parasitic infections. The findings emphasize that cooking beef and pork to the recommended internal temperature is essential to prevent parasitic infections. Moreover, education and awareness are crucial, as many individuals are unaware of the risks associated with undercooked meat. The study's findings have significant implications for public health policy and practice, informing recommendations to prioritize food safety, avoid undercooked or raw meat, and adopt proper food handling and storage practices. The Health Belief Model provides a useful framework for understanding the factors that influence individuals' decisions to adopt safe food handling and cooking practices. Ultimately, proper cooking and handling practices, combined with education and awareness, are essential for preventing parasitic infections and promoting a healthier food system.

-Gender-based violence (GBV) in Namibia has reached crisis levels, demanding urgent national and international attention. Despite legal frameworks such as the Combating of Domestic Violence Act of 2003, the prevalence of GBV remains alarmingly high, with nearly one in three Namibian women aged 15–49 experiencing violence at the hands of a partner (UNFPA, 2022). GBV remains deeply entrenched in socio-cultural norms and systemic inequalities (UNFPA, 2015). This abstract critically explores the systemic drivers of GBV, including patriarchal norms, economic inequality, and institutional shortcomings, while evaluating current interventions and highlighting gaps in policy enforcement and survivor support. The Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (2013) revealed that 33% of ever-married women aged 15–49 have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence from a partner. Alarmingly, 28% of women and 22% of men justified wife-beating under certain circumstances, reflecting the normalization of abuse (NDHS, 2013). Between 2012 and 2016, the Namibian Police recorded over 22,000 cases of grievous bodily harm and nearly 3,000 rapes, underscoring the scale of the epidemic (UNFPA, 2015). Structural drivers such as poverty, alcohol abuse, and inadequate justice responses further exacerbate the crisis (Gov.na, 2017). Through a multidisciplinary lens, this paper calls for a national paradigm shift centred on survivor-led advocacy, law reform, gender-sensitive education, and community accountability mechanisms to dismantle the root causes of GBV and end the culture of impunity that enables its persistence. Namibia continues to experience high rates of gender-based violence, with widespread normalization rooted in harmful gender stereotypes and power imbalances (UNFPA, 2022). Recent studies have emphasized that interventions must shift from reactive criminal justice responses to preventative, community-based strategies that engage men and boys (LeBeau et al., 2020; IPPR, 2025).

-In the diverse landscape of UTAR (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman) Kampar, Malaysia, Dewan Tun Dr. Ling Liong Sik building stands as a beacon of Chinese art identity amidst a backdrop of pluralism. This article explores the pivotal role played by Dewan Tun Dr. Ling Liong Sik in fostering and preserving Chinese cultural heritage within the university community. Through a multidimensional analysis, it delves into the architectural, art elements, and socio-cultural meaning aspects of the building, examining how it serves as both a physical space and a symbolic representation of Chinese identity. Moreover, the article investigates the challenges and opportunities encountered in maintaining cultural integrity within a multicultural environment, highlighting the strategies employed by UTAR Kampar to promote inclusivity while celebrating diversity. By examining the legacy of Dewan Tun Dr. Ling Liong Sik, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intersection between architecture, identity, and pluralism in contemporary Malaysian society.

-What is toponymy? Under this somewhat complex name lies the study of the meaning and origin of place names and their successive transformations. In Morocco, toponymy has found an especially interesting field to study and valorize, given the diverse peoples that have converged and merged in our country. Toponymy examines not only the names of inhabited places, cities, villages, and landmarks, but also those of mountains and rivers. These are the oldest names, the toponymic fossils, as it is first the mountain, hill, or river that is given a name. Over time, the original meaning of a toponym can become obscure or even disappear, but the search for the meaning of place names remains a fundamental need. Toponyms offer more than just their meanings. Through their origins, formation processes, evolution over time, and how they are used by speakers, they express a set of selective and significant representations of space. These representations are dynamic and not fixed, primarily produced in the languages from which they originate. Often, toponyms undergo reinterpretations, either scholarly or popular, which reassign semantic significance to them. This reflects a continual desire to take or reclaim ownership of the spaces we inhabit. Such phenomena frequently occur during language shifts, resulting in a lack of understanding of the previous language among the majority of users. A reflection on toponymy is urgent, especially considering the ongoing urbanization that disregards ancient names still preserved in oral memory. People do not live without connections; they inscribe themselves in space and time by naming the places they traverse. Why disregard ancient names and replace them with others devoid of historical or cultural significance? Why prefer new names over toponyms laden with meaning and history? In fact, oasis toponyms establish a connection to our ancestors, serving as landmarks and aiding in the spatial inscription of settlements and inhabitants. Oasis dwellers indeed need ties to their seemingly simple yet complex territories. This may be one way to combat the feeling of uprootedness and withdrawal into oneself. In general, we aim to demonstrate that the perception of space through toponymic designation is not fixed and that understanding a toponym requires a comprehensive view of its history and the various motivations it carries. Through our communication, we strive to scientifically clarify these concepts and the semantic field of the terms expressing them. In our view, this exercise is essential to continue the Amazigh onomastic research.

-Climate change has significant and far-reaching impacts on displaced population such as refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). Climate change is intricately linked to resource scarcity, conflicts, and insecurity in refugee and IDP humanitarian situations with varying impacts. Climate change exacerbates resource scarcity by altering weather patterns, leading to extreme events such as droughts, floods, and storms. The changes have significantly reduced the availability of essential resources like water, food, and arable land in some regions creating competition. Resource scarcity driven by climate change has acted as a catalyst for conflicts between some communities creating an environment of insecurity. Humanitarian contexts in conflict and fragile post conflict situations, climate change has exacerbated existing insecurity for refugees and IDPs. Refugees and IDPs are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because of their inherent difficult situations and vulnerabilities in foreign lands and far away from home. Recognizing the complex interconnections between climate change, resource scarcity, conflict, and insecurity, this paper investigates the multifaceted and interdependent dimensions of these relationships in refugee and IDP humanitarian situations. By examining existing literature and case studies, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how climate-induced resource scarcity exacerbates conflicts and insecurity, impacting on the well-being of refugee and IDPs. The key considerations will inform strategies to enhance resilience and security for refugees and IDPs in face of climate change, offering valuable insights for humanitarian organizations and policymakers.

-In this context, the article proposes an analysis of the gendered issues of power concerning Reine Pokou by Véronique Tadjo, published in 2005. A rewriting of the founding myth of the Baoulé kingdom during the early times of colonization in Côte d'Ivoire, the work highlights the imposition of child sacrifice on Queen Abla Pokou to save her people, victims of thirst. At this stage, the goal of the analysis is to emphasize the mechanisms that compel women leaders to strip away their maternal identity in their quest for political power. Adopting a postcolonial and feminist approach, we will examine how the author dismantles the traditional heroic narrative to reveal the symbolic violence imposed on women by patriarchal structures. Furthermore, the article will explore the narrative strategies used to give voice back to Pokou, offering the contemporary African public a reinterpretation of gendered expectations concerning leadership.

-The objectives of this research were 1) to develop Learning activities based on Interactive demonstration method on Acoustic guitar learning and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of Learning activities based on Interactive demonstration method on Acoustic guitar learning for Primary students of English Program at a private school in Thailand. The research design was a pre-experimental design. The sample for this research were the 16 Primary students of English Program at a private school in Thailand in the 2nd semester of Academic Year 2024-2025. The research instruments were (1) Learning activities based on Interactive demonstration method on Acoustic guitar learning; (2) Acoustic guitar learning pre-test and post-test; and (3) Acoustic guitar performance test. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to analyze the difference between the Acoustic guitar learning pre-test and post-test scores and between the Acoustic guitar performance scores and the criteria of 75 percentage after participation the set of Learning activities based on Interactive demonstration method on Acoustic guitar learning for Primary students of English Program at a private school in Thailand. The findings were as follows:(1) The set of Learning Activities based on Interactive Demonstration Method on Acoustic Guitar Learning for Primary Students of English Program at a private school in Thailand was composed of 8 Contents in 8 periods and was validated by the three experts was at the good level (M = 4.05, SD = 0.25). (2) The Post-test scores of Acoustic Guitar Learning after being taught by Learning Activities based on Interactive demonstration method on Acoustic guitar learning were significantly higher than the pre-test mean score (z-value=3.52, sig=0.00). (3) The Acoustic guitar Performance score of students after participation the set of Learning Activities based on Interactive Demonstration Method on Acoustic Guitar Learning for Primary Students of English Program at a private school in Thailand was significantly higher than the Criteria of 75% of scores of students’ guitar performance at the level of .05 ((z-value=3.55, sig=0.00).

-Climate change poses a serious threat to agriculture, especially in low-lying, salinity-affected coastal regions of Bangladesh. This study investigates the impact of climate change on crop yields in the Satkhira and Patuakhali districts, using one-sample t-tests and Pearson correlation analyses. Data were collected from 375 experienced farmers in two severely affected coastal upazilas. The t-tests compared local crop yields to national averages, revealing statistically significant reductions in yields. The correlation analysis explored the relationships between 12 socio-economic and farming-related variables and farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts on crop production. Key findings include significant yield declines in major crops such as rice, tomato, and sesame. Strong correlations were also found between perceived climate impacts and factors such as cropping intensity, climate change awareness, use of climate-smart practices, and adaptive capacity. The study highlights the urgent need for improved agricultural extension services, training in climate-resilient farming methods, and the development of targeted regional policies to support farmers in these vulnerable coastal areas.

-This study investigates the evolving influence of religious foodways on the culinary identities of Jewish and Muslim immigrant communities in Greece, and their role in shaping the trajectory of modern Greek gastronomy. Through a mixed-methods approach that combines survey data (n = 2,900)—including 1,930 Muslim and 970 Jewish participants—with fieldwork, interviews, and archival sources, the paper explores the intersections of faith, migration, and food. The research is framed around three core questions: In what ways do religious beliefs shape food practices for these immigrant groups? How do their traditions interact with and influence Greek cuisine? And how is food used to sustain cultural identity in a multicultural society? Results show strong adherence to halal and kosher dietary frameworks, especially among older participants, alongside evidence of culinary adaptation—both creative and pragmatic—that incorporates local Greek elements. Hybrid dishes such as Sephardic-style phyllo pastries and halal variations of Greek street foods reflect a cuisine in motion. These religious foodways thus serve as both anchors of memory and platforms for cultural exchange. Greek gastronomy, viewed through this lens, emerges as dynamic and dialogical rather than fixed and static.

-This study investigates how innovation capability drives value co-creation and how this, in turn, enhances positional advantage and service excellence among Indonesian B2B SMEs. Grounded in Resource Advantage Theory and the resource-based view, this research emphasizes the strategic importance of leveraging unique assets, fostering collaborative innovation, and engaging in customer co-creation to sustain market competitiveness. A survey of 230 respondents from Indonesian B2B SMEs was conducted using a structured questionnaire and analysed through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results confirm that innovation capability has a significant positive effect on value co-creation, which subsequently strengthens both positional advantage and service excellence. These findings suggest that SMEs that develop robust innovation capabilities and actively engage customers in co-creation processes are better positioned to deliver superior value, achieve service differentiation, and maintain long-term competitive performance. The study contributes to the limited literature by integrating marketing, innovation, and service perspectives into a holistic model for sustaining competitive advantage in the B2B sector. Limitations and avenues for future research are also discussed.

-The ongoing transformations in the spatial configurations of green spaces have emerged as a critical environmental issue of global significance, exerting profound impacts on both climatic dynamics and environmental quality. This study meticulously examines the spatiotemporal variations in green space patterns and their consequential influence on land surface temperature (LST) over a 24-year period, spanning from 2000 to 2024. The focal geographical scope encompasses the Akmeemana, Bope-Poddala, and Galle Four Gravets Divisional Secretariat Divisions in the Galle District, regions characterized by significant land use modifications attributable to historical, geographical, and socio-economic determinants. For this analysis, advanced Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies were employed, utilizing satellite imagery from Landsat 5TM, Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS, and Landsat 9 OLI-TIRS, acquired via the USGS Earth Explorer portal. These datasets facilitated the computation of the NDBI, NDVI, and LST for the selected years of 2000, 2008, 2016, and 2024. The linear regression analytical framework was utilized to elucidate the interrelationships among the variables. Results indicate a substantial decline in qualitative vegetation cover, from 77.48% of the land area in 2000 to 58.15% in 2024. Conversely, built-up land areas expanded significantly, from 8.72% in 2000 to 23.61% in 2024. This inverse relationship between vegetation cover and urban expansion correlates with an observable increase in land surface temperature over the studied period. The findings reveal that the mean LST value escalated by 1.63°C, from 25.91°C in 2000 to 27.54°C in 2024. Similarly, both the minimum and maximum LST values exhibited an upward trend, rising from 23.25°C to 24.72°C and from 25.91°C to 27.54°C, respectively. Noteworthy negative correlations between LST and NDVI, positive correlations between LST and NDBI, and negative correlations between NDVI and NDBI were identified. The investigation's findings underpin urban planning, environmental preservation, and sustainable land management. These insights are crucial for crafting policies to counter urbanization's climate and environmental impacts.

-The study explores how effective value creation affects the performance among agribusinesses in the Southwest and Littoral regions of Cameroon. The research targets a total population of 506 agribusiness organizations, employing a purposive sampling technique for comprehensive coverage. We apply the Huber and Biweight robust regression, is justified by the need to address potential violations of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression assumptions. The analysis highlights the intricate relationship between value creation and agribusiness performance in the South West and Littoral regions of Cameroon. While both internal and external value creation positively influence social performance, they may also lead to trade-offs that negatively impact economic and environmental outcomes. The findings emphasize the need for context-specific strategies, particularly in promoting gender equity and education to enhance performance. Policymakers and agribusiness leaders should focus on strengthening internal practices, fostering external partnerships, and improving operational efficiencies in larger firms to ensure sustainable and effective agribusiness operations in the region.

-This study provides a comprehensive analysis of existing literature on the impact of green marketing on green consumer purchase intention (GCPI), synthesizing findings from 126 peer-reviewed studies published between 1986 and 2025. The analysis identifies four core green marketing components—green brand knowledge, consumer attitude, environmental knowledge, and eco-labelling—as significant drivers of GCPI. These components influence consumer behavior both directly and indirectly through psychological mechanisms such as brand trust, perceived value, and emotional engagement. Brand trust is consistently found to mediate the relationship between green marketing strategies and purchase intention by reducing perceived risk and enhancing brand credibility. Additional factors, including green advertising, sustainable product innovation, environmental brand image, and corporate environmental practices, further reinforce the effectiveness of green marketing strategies. The study also highlights contextual variations across cultures and industries, underscoring the importance of tailored marketing approaches. Theoretical contributions are drawn from the Theory of Planned Behavior, signaling theory, and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. This review advances both theoretical understanding and practical application by emphasizing the need for authentic, transparent, and emotionally resonant green marketing to foster long-term consumer loyalty and sustainable purchasing behavior.

-This study investigates air quality and spatial variations in pollutant concentrations at the Kwali Abattoir, Kwali Area Council, Abuja. The analysis focused on PM2.5, PM10, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and compared their mean concentrations to air quality standards set by NESREA and WHO. The Air Quality Index (AQI) was further analysed to evaluate health risks and provide a comprehensive understanding of air quality concerning abattoir activities. The research adopted an experimental design, utilizing observational and survey methods to collect primary data on air pollutants using MiniVol Portable Air Samplers and Crow Can gas detector meters. Sampling was conducted at six intervals daily 6 a.m.,10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m., 6 p.m., and 8 p.m. over five days in August 2024. Results indicated that PM2.5 and PM10 levels were highest on market days, particularly at the entrance and the animal roasting and waste dump areas. CO levels peaked in the animal roasting area on market days (3.33 ppm), while non-market day levels were significantly lower, averaging 0.50 ppm. NO₂ and SO₂ concentrations were generally within NESREA limits but occasionally exceeded WHO thresholds, particularly in high-activity zones like the animal roasting area. AQI analysis showed that pollutant levels on market days approached or exceeded WHO-recommended limits, posing potential respiratory health risks, especially for vulnerable populations. This study recommends emission control technologies and continuous air quality monitoring towards mitigating these impacts.

-This research investigates the multifaceted impact of contract cotton farming schemes on cotton production growth in Gokwe South District, Zimbabwe. The study aimed to identify the positive and negative changes brought about by contract cotton farming schemes and to provide recommendations for improving the growth of cotton production in the district. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we collected data from 113 participants, including contracted farmers, non-contracted farmers, traditional leaders, cotton company employees, and extension officers. Our findings reveal that contract cotton farming schemes have both positive and negative effects on cotton production. On the one hand, these schemes provide access to markets, reduce production risks, offer credit facilities, and facilitate capacity building and skills diffusion. On the other hand, they are also associated with side-marketing practices, inadequate and delayed input delivery, lack of predetermined prices, exploitation of farmers, corruption, and land degradation. Notably, our research highlights the importance of a robust legal framework to govern contract farming and protect farmers' rights. We recommend that contractors adapt their contracts to account for environmental factors, such as drought, and that the government establish a pro-farmer legal framework. Additionally, empowering farmers to form associations, ensuring timely input delivery, and promoting contract transparency are crucial for the success of contract cotton farming schemes. Our study underscores the need for a balanced approach to contract farming, one that balances the interests of contractors and farmers while promoting sustainable agricultural development and rural livelihoods.

-This study explores the issue of corruption and mismanagement in Harare City Council, Zimbabwe and its significance lies in its contribution to the existing literature on good governance and public administration, and its potential to inform policy and practice decisions related to promoting transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in public institutions. The research objectives of the study are to investigate the causes and consequences of corruption and mismanagement in Harare City Council, and to identify potential solutions to these challenges. The study employed a qualitative research approach, using a case study design to explore the issue of corruption and mismanagement in Harare City Council. The study's findings suggest that the council faces significant challenges in areas such as leadership and governance, corruption and mismanagement, health delivery, waste management, and service delivery. Furthermore, the findings also highlight the need for the council to prioritize transparency, accountability, and responsiveness, and implement robust anti-corruption measures to prevent corruption and mismanagement. The study's recommendations include prioritizing transparency, accountability, and responsiveness, implementing robust anti-corruption measures, improving leadership and governance, and improving health delivery, waste management, and service delivery. These findings and recommendations have implications for policy and practice, and highlight the need for further research on good governance and public administration in developing countries. More so, the findings and recommendations contribute to the existing literature on good governance and public administration, and provide insights into the challenges facing public institutions in developing countries.

-The objective of this research is to examine the effectiveness of the CASE model in enabling second grade intermediate students at distinguished schools to acquire biological concepts and develop their visual thinking. The sample consisted of 57 students enrolled in the second grade at Ghanem Hamoudat Mixed High School for Returnee Displaced Students in the Department of Education of Duhok for the academic year 2024/2025. The sample was intentionally selected and divided into two groups: the experimental group, which was taught using the CASE model, and the control group, which was taught using the conventional method. The two groups were matched on various variables (age in months, first grade biology score, overall grade point average of the previous year, IQ, pre-test visual thinking level, and parents’ educational level). To achieve the research objectives and test its hypotheses, the researcher prepared two instruments. The first was a conceptual test consisting of 30 objective items in two formats: the first in matching format to assess the definition of biological concepts, and the second in a multiple-choice format with three alternatives to assess the elements of example and application. The second instrument was a visual thinking test consisting of 20 objective items with four alternatives each, evenly distributed across the five skills of visual thinking (visual discrimination, information analysis, information interpretation, ambiguity perception and interpretation, and meaning extraction). The researcher verified the validity and psychometric properties of both instruments and their reliability, which amounted to 0.81 for the conceptual test and 0.77 for the visual thinking test, using both the Kuder-Richardson-20 and Cronbach's alpha formulas.

-This study undertakes a comprehensive examination of the impact of Zimbabwe's Fast-Track Land Reform Program on regional economic integration and stability within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The significance of this study lies in its ability to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex relationships between land reform, economic integration, and regional stability, which is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to promote sustainable development in the region. Specifically, the study aims to examine the impact of land reform on regional economic integration and stability within SADC, identify the key challenges and opportunities arising from the land reform program, and develop policy recommendations for future land reform initiatives that promote economic integration, stability, and sustainable development in the region. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. This approach enables a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships between land reform, economic integration, and regional stability. The study draws on a range of data sources, including academic literature, policy documents, and primary data collected through interviews and surveys. The findings suggested that while the land reform was rooted in a legitimate historical grievance, its execution triggered a cascade of disruptions that extended far beyond Zimbabwe's borders and identifies significant economic, legal, and geopolitical consequences of the land seizures, including disruptions to regional trade flows, investment, and economic stability. Most importantly, based on the study's findings, several policy recommendations are proposed for future land reform initiatives, including strengthening regional legal enforcement mechanisms, promoting harmonized land governance frameworks, and prioritizing collective resilience over unilateralism. In fact, the findings and recommendations have significant implications for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to promote sustainable development in the SADC region, highlighting the need for a coordinated and collaborative approach to land reform that takes into account the complex relationships between land reform, economic integration, and regional stability.

-Purpose: to determine the extent to which the influence of service quality and servicescape on the intention to recommend (positive WOM) with student satisfaction as a mediating variable (study at the Faculty of Law, Warmadewa University). Design/methodology/approach: descriptive quantitative research using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis with the help of the SMARTPLS program. The population in this study were 2067 active students of the Faculty of Law, Warmadewa University, Legal Studies Program. This study used a sample of 94 respondents. Findings: The results of this study indicate that service quality is not proven to have a significant positive effect on student satisfaction. Servicescape has a positive and significant effect on student satisfaction. Service quality does not have a positive and significant effect on the intention to recommend. Servicescape has a significant positive effect on the intention to recommend and student satisfaction has a significant positive effect on the intention to recommend. Practical/implication: the results of this study can be used as a consideration to improve servicescape as a strategic priority and improve service quality aimed at increasing student satisfaction first so that it can increase the intention to recommend students to other parties/prospective new students. Originality/value: This is the first study to measure the influence of service quality and servicescape on recommendation intention through student satisfaction as a mediating variable at the Faculty of Law, Warmadewa University. The results show that service quality has no direct or indirect effect on recommendation intention, which contradicts many previous studies. Furthermore, this study uses full and partial mediation models to examine the role of student satisfaction, providing a new theoretical contribution to understanding the relationship between servicescape and recommendation intention.

-Accurate solar radiation data are critical for optimizing solar energy systems and assessing renewable energy potential. While ground-based measurements offer high accuracy, their limited spatial and temporal coverage constrains their broader application. This study evaluates the performance of the ERA5-Land reanalysis dataset in estimating surface solar radiation by comparing it with high-resolution ground-based observations from the AmeriFlux network across six sites in California. Results indicate that ERA5-Land effectively captures both daily variability and long-term seasonal trends in solar radiation. Strong agreement between datasets is observed, with R² values ranging from 0.93 to 0.96 across all sites. These findings underscore the potential of ERA5-Land as a reliable and spatially comprehensive data source for solar energy modeling, particularly in regions with limited access to in-situ measurements.